Extra Credit: Name That Cause

NAME THAT CAUSE!<= o:p>

A baker’s d= ozen causal arguments

Extra Credit Assignment. This assignment is worth 3 points maximum toward the next exam. To earn all 3 points you must answer 8 or more questions correctly.=

Identify the type of causal reasoning used in each of the arguments below. Choose from = the following types:

partial/contributory cause(s)

necessary cause

sufficient cause

sole cause (necessary and sufficient)

effect to cause (sign reasoning)

reciprocal cause

causal “chain”

1. ̶= 0;The evidence suggests that Thimerosal, a mercury-laden ingredient in children's vaccines is responsible for the growth of autism in the United States.”

A. sole cause

B. reciprocal cause

C. partial/contributory cause

D. effect to cause

&nb= sp;

2. During her acceptance speech, an actress who has just = won an Oscar says, “First, I want to thank my parents. Without their love and encourageme= nt, I wouldn’t be standing here today.”

A. sole cause

B. effec= t to cause

C. neces= sary cause

D. sufficient cause

&nb= sp;

3. Nadine was born in the United States, so that automatically makes her a U.S. citiz= en.

A. sole cause

B. necessary cause

C. sufficient cause

D. reciprocal causation

&nb= sp;

4. Child= ren who are exposed to classical music during infancy display superior math ski= lls compared to children who are not so exposed.

A. sole cause

B. necessary cause

C. sufficient cause

D. effec= t to cause

&nb= sp;

5. California lottery slogan: You can’t win if you don’t play.

A. necessary cause

B. sufficient cause

C. sole cause

D. causal chain

&nb= sp;

6. A doc= tor tells a patient, “your heart problems are = the result of smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. If you want to avoid a heart attac= k you need to quit smoking, lose weight, and exercise regularly.”

A. contr= ibutory causes

B. effec= t to cause

C. sole cause

D. neces= sary cause

&nb= sp;

7. If you are a woman, you have to carry a gun. Statistics show that “the probability of serious injury from an attack is 2.5 times greater for women offering no resistance than for women resisting with a gun” (John R. Lott, 2000, More Guns Less Crime, p. 4).

A.      sole cause

B.      necessary cause

C.      sufficient cause

D.     effect to cause

E.      causal chain

&nb= sp;

8. Bubba= has a black eye. He must have got= ten into a fight.

A. sole cause

B. neces= sary cause

C. partial/contributory cause

D. effec= t to cause

&nb= sp;

9. Accor= ding to article 1, section 2 of the constitution, a person cannot be elected to = the office of President of the United States unless she or he is at least 35 ye= ars old.

A. sole cause

B. necessary cause

C. sufficient cause

D. effec= t to cause

E. causal chain

&nb= sp;

10. There must be a “public option” available in any health care legislat= ion that is passed. Otherwise, health insurance companies will have no competition a= nd will continue raising rates, denying coverage for pre-existing conditions, = and dropping patients who develop a chronic illness.

A.      sole cause

B.      necessary cause

C.      sufficient cause

D.     effect to cause

E.      causal chain

&nb= sp;

11. If society legalizes euthanasia, then pressure will be put on the elderly, the infirm, and the poor to consent to assisted suicide because they are a “burden” on society. Next pressure will be put on anyone who is cognitively impaired or physically challenged to “make room” by opting for euthanasia.<= o:p>

A. neces= sary cause

B. effec= t to cause

C. reciprocal cause

D. causal chain

&nb= sp;

12. R= 20;I overeat because I have low self concept, and I have low self concept because I’m overweight.”

A. neces= sary cause

B. effec= t to cause

C. reciprocal cause

D. sole cause

13. “The Bun-Master: It’s the one and only way to get tighter, firm= er buns. And it’s guarante= ed to work!”

A. neces= sary cause

B. effec= t to cause

C. reciprocal cause

D. sole cause