(C) 1997 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Paul Martin Lester (E-mail and home page), California State University, Fullerton

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(Note: The testimony of O.J. Simpson (defendant), Harry Scull, Jr. and E.J. Flammer (photographers), William Bodziak (Bruno Magli expert from the FBI), Gerald Richards (plaintiff expert), and Robert Groden (defense expert) related to the pictures of O.J. wearing Bruno Magli shoes at a Buffalo Bills football game in 1993 amounted to 525 downloaded pages from CNN and MSNBC Web sites.)

Photo-related topics in the testimony:

* What makes a photographic expert?

* Motion picture vs. still photography manipulations

* What indicates manipulation? -- simple observation, exposure, color balance, sharpness, grain structure, size of negative, lighting, scratches on the negatives, marks from the processor, thickness of print or negative, anomalies in the film, image structure, cut lines, retouching marks, code numbers on film, and registration

* Advertising and corporate manipulations

* Ways to alter a photograph: manual matte insertion, cut and paste, air brush technique, and digitization

* What exactly is a picture element (pixel)?

* What does resolution mean?

* What is photographic grain and how is it related to film speed and size of negative?

* Negative altering and duplication

* What are sprocket holes?

* Tools used for examining photographs

* What is depth of field and how does it change?

* Common scratch lines of the Canon F1 camera

* Problems with measurements with a Kinko's copy

* Color reflection physics

* The subjective nature of picture analysis

* How to create a faked roll

* Finding an agent to sell pictures

* Equipment for public relations assignments

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shoes