On Floods and Photo Ops:

How Herbert Hoover and George W. Bush Exploited Catastrophes

Paul Martin Lester (lester@fullerton.edu)

2010

University Press of Mississippi

INDEX

9/11 (September 11, 2001), 10, 19-21, 32, 37, 60-62, 64-65, 155, 207; attacks on, 32; and

Beckwith, Bob, 61; and Bush, George W., 20-21, 32, 60-62; and Falwell, Jerry, 37; and

FEMA, 32; and Franklin, Thomas, 19; and the Homeland Security Act, 32; and

punctum images, 10; and the Statue of Liberty, 62

10 (the motion picture), 197; and cornrow hairstyle, 197; and Derek, Bo, 197

12 Views of Manet’s Bar, 16-17; and visual analysis, 16-17

700 Club, The, 37, 151; and the Christian Right, 151; and Falwell, Jerry, 37; and Robinson,

Pat, 37, 151

1927 Mississippi River flood, see Great Flood of 1927

1991 Gulf War, 66; and Bush, George H. W., 66; and Hussein, Saddam, 66

1993 Mississippi River flood, 82; and Clinton, Bill, 83; and Galloway, Gerry, 82

2005 Atlantic hurricane season, ix-xi, xvi, xvii, 3, 29-30, 32, 34, 62-63, 73, 83, 92, 94-95, 98,

104-112, 140, 162, 175, 178, 183-184, 190, 196-200, 205, 208; duration of, 92; and

hurricanes of, 92; and Hurricane Katrina, ix-xi, xvi, xvii, 3, 29-30, 32, 34, 62-63, 73, 83,

94-95, 98, 104-112, 140, 162, 175, 178, 183-184, 190, 196-200, 205, 208

2008 Mississippi River flood, 83; Paulison, Robert, 83

Adams, Charles, 177

Adams, Clifton, 176-178, 181, 203; equipment of, 177; and Hoover photo op, 176-178,

181; and National Geographic, 176-178; personality of, 177

Adams, Eddie, 10; and the execution photograph, 10; and punctum images, 10

Adams, Jeffrey Blake, 177

Adams, John, 170

Afghanistan, 155

African Americans, ix-x, 96, 98, 160, 162-163, 173, 175-176, 180, 186, 199, 201-202, 209;

and Bush photo op, 202; and cotton, 169-170, 172; and the Great Flood of 1927, 96, 98,

162-163, 173, 175-176, 201-202; and the “Great Migration,” 175; and Hoover, Herbert,

176; and music, 160; and New Orleans, ix-x; and the racial divide, 202; and racism,

175-176; and Shelley Plantation, 186; and slavery, 169-170, 172, 186

After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection, 201

Air Force One, 30-31, 62, 108, 112; and Bush, George W., 62, 112; and Hurricane Betsy,

30-31; and Hurricane Katrina, 62, 112; and New Orleans, 30-31, 62; and presidential

flyover, 30-31, 62, 112; and publicity, 30-31;

Akerson, George, 51; and Hoover, Herbert, 51

Alhazen, Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham, 77-78; and the Nile River, 78

Alioto, Joseph, 72; and environmental movement, 72; and McConnell, John, 72; and the

UNESCO conference, 72

“All in the Family,” xviii; and Hoover, Herbert, xvii

Allbaugh, Joe, 54-55, 63; and Brown, Michael, 63; and Bush, George W., 55; career of, 55;

and FEMA, 55, 63; and Hurricane Katrina, 55

“Allegory of the Cave,” 11; and metaphor, 11

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 37

American Individualism, 50

American Relief Administration, 143; and Hoover, Herbert, 143

American Spectator, xvi

Anders, William, 71; and Apollo 8; 71; and earthrise photograph, 71

Anderson, Paul, 206

Andover (Phillips Academy), 126, 136-137, 140, 207; and Bush, George, H. W., 126; and

Bush, George W., 136-137, 140, 207; history of, 126

Apollo 8, 71; and earthrise photograph, 71

Arbusto Energy, 148; and Bush, George W., 148; renamed to Bush Exploration

Company, 150

Aristotle, 10-11, 43, 203; and the “Allegory of the Cave,” 11; and metaphor, 10; and

persuasion, 43; and Plato, 10-11; and Rhetoric, 10

Arkansas City, Arkansas, 97; and the Great Flood of 1927, 97

Arnheim, Rudolf, 5

Arthur, Chester, 37

Arthur, Stanley Clisby, 178; career of, 178; and Famous New Orleans Drinks and How to

Mix ‘Em, 178

Ashley Hall, 127; and Bush, Barbara, 127; and Gone with the Wind, 127; and Trenholm,

George, 127

Asperger syndrome (AS), 3; and Asperger, Hans, 3; and Grandin, Temple, 3; and Rain

Man, 3

AT&T, 145; and Hoover, Herbert, 145; and television, 145

Atomic bomb, 104; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 104

Atwater, Lee, 56-57, 152; and Bush, Barbara, 56; and Bush, George H. W., 56; and Bush,

George W., 152; death of, 56; and Dukakis, Michael, 56; and Horton, Willie, 56; and

McGovern, George, 56; and Rove, Karl, 56-57; and Segretti, Donald, 56; and

Thurmond, Strom, 56

Augustine, 8; and semiotics, 8

Bar at the Folies Bergère, A, 15-17

Barbour, Haley, 184; and Bush, George W., 184

Barnes, Ben, 139

Barnes, Fred, 68, 156; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 68; and Rebel-in-Chief, 68,

156

Barry, John, xii, 48-49, 173; and Rising Tide, xii, 48-49

Barthes, Roland, 5, 7-9; and Camera Lucida, 7-8; and emotional content, 8; and punctum Images, 9; and semiotics, 8; and studium images, 9

Bartlett, Dan, 64; and Rove, Karl, 64

Barton, Clara, 36, 39-40, 50; early life and career of, 40-41; and Harrison, Benjamin, 42;

and Hastings, Daniel, 42; and the Red Cross, 36, 39-42; and the San Francisco

earthquake, 36

Beaufort, Francis, 92-93; and the Beaufort Wind Force Scale, 92-93

Beaver, James, 39; and the Johnstown flood, 39

Beckwith, Bob, 61; and 9/11, 61; and Bush, George W., 61; and Rove, Karl, 61

Beecher, Henry Ward, 35; and the Great Chicago Fire, 35; and Tilton, Elizabeth, 35

Begala, Paul, 209; and Bush/Hoover comparison, 209

Bentsen, Lloyd, 139

Bergen, Bob, 69; and Iraq War, 69; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 69

Berger, Arthur Asa, 8; and semiotics, 8

Berger, John, 5, 7; and context, 7; and visual analysis, 5; and Weschler, Lawrence, 7

Bermuda, 89; and hurricane, 89; and Shakespeare, William, 89; and The Tempest, 89

Bernays, Edward, 42-44; and the Committee on Public Information (CPI), 43-44; and

Fleischman, Doris, 43-44; and Freud, Sigmund, 43; and Hoover, Herbert, 47; and

public relations, 42-44

Bernstein, Tom, 152; and the Chelsea Piers Sports and Entertainment Complex, 152; and

Rumsfeld, Donald, 152; and Yale University, 152

Berwick collar, 141, 179

Betts, Roland, 152; and the World Trade Center, 152; and Yale University, 152

Bewick, Moreing and Company, 141-142; and Hoover, Herbert, 141-142

Bienville, de, Jean-Baptiste, Le Moyne, 100, 168, 186

Bin Laden, Osama, 64

Blanco, Kathleen, 105, 110; and Hurricane Katrina, 105, 110

Blessitt, Arthur, 151; and Bush, George W., 151

Blount, Roy, 140

Boorstin, Daniel, 26, 60; and The Image, 60; and pseudo-events, 60

Branner, John, 132, 142; and Hoover, Herbert, 132, 142

Brinkley, Douglas, 62, 68; and Bush, George W., 62; and The Great Deluge, 62; and

“Mission Accomplished” photo op, 68

Brooks, Melody, 197; and shoes, 197

Brown, Michael, 62-63, 83, 105-106, 115, 194; career of, 62-63; clothing choices of, 194;

and evacuation suggestion, 105; and FEMA, 62-63; and Gulf Coast photo op, 63; and

Hurricane Katrina, 105-106; and nickname, 115; resignation of, 63

Bruegel, the Elder, 12-14; and The Procession to Calvary, 13-14

Bruner, Elaine, 65; and “The Pet Goat,” 65

Buck, Robert, 179

Buckley, Jr., William F.; xvi

Buras, Louisiana, 107; and Hurricane Katrina, 107

Bush Exploration Company, 150

Bush photo op analysis, 190-199, 202-205, 208, 210; and adults, 197-199; and Bush,

George W., 190, 193-196; camera used, 190-191, 202; and casualness, 203; and

cheerleading, 205; and children, 196-197, 202-204, 210; clothing worn, 193-198,

composition of, 197, 202; and the DeLisle Elementary School, 183, 190; demographics

shown, 196; and dental braces, 197; and failure of, 210; and hairstyles, 196-198; and

happiness, 202; image specifications of, 192; informality of, 202; and jewelry worn,

195, 198; and lighting, 193; and Matthews, Keith, 190-193, 203-204; and moment

captured, 204; and poll results, 208; and publicity, 208; and racial divide, 202; and

security, 204-205; and structures, 199; and teachers, 204; and tentativeness, 203-204;

and weather during, 194; and wide-angle lens, 203

Bush Tragedy, The, 125, 206-207

Bush, Barbara (daughter), 148-149

Bush, Barbara nee Pierce, 56, 127, 130, 135-136, 175; and Ashley Hall, 127; and Atwater,

Lee, 56; and Bush, George H. W., 127; and Bush, George W., 135, 154; and Bush,

Robin, 135; and evacuees, 175; family of, 127; and Hurricane Katrina, 175; and

Odessa, Texas, 130; and Rye Country Day School, 127

Bush, Dorothy “Doro,” 136, 151

Bush, Dorothy “Dotty” nee Walker, 123, 126, 135

Bush, George Herbert Walker, 29, 31-32, 56, 66, 114-122, 125-131, 133-137, 139, 150-151;

and 1991 Gulf War, 66; Ambassador to the United Nations, 151; and Andover, 126;

aristocratic roots of, 122; and Bush, Barbara, 127; and Bush, George W., 114, 151;

and Bush, Robin, 134-135; California homes of, 133; and chauffeur, 126; and Clinton,

Bill, 56, 122; and criticism from Chiles, Lawton, 32; and Dresser Industries, 130, 133;

and Dukakis, Michael, 122; early life of, 125-126; as Forrest Gump, 122; and

Greenwich Country Day School, 126, 136; grades of, 126; and House of

Representatives, 137; and Houston, Texas, 137; and Hurricane Andrew, 31-32; and

Hurricane Betsy, 29; and Hussein, Saddam, 66; and loss of presidency, 122; and

Mallon, Henry, 130; and marriage, 128; and Meyer, Eugene, 136; and Midland,

Texas, 133-135; and military service, 127-128; and Odessa, Texas, 130-131; and

nicknames, 114; personality of, 125-126; and publicity, 31-32; and Republican

National Committee, 56; and Richards, Ann, 121-122; and Rove, Karl, 56; and Ruth,

Babe, 129; Senate races of, 137, 139; siblings of, 125-126; and Skull and Bones, 130;

and slow disaster response, 32; and sports, 126, 129-130, 135; as Vice President, 150-

151; and the Walker-Bush Corporation, 136; and Watergate scandal, 56; and Yale

University, 129-130; and the Zapata Off-Shore Company, 29, 136; and Zapata

Petroleum, 134

Bush, George Prescott, 155

Bush, George Walker, xi-xiii-xviii, 20-21, 31-34, 53-69, 73, 105-106, 108-112, 114-116,

122-123, 125, 128-131, 134-141, 147-156, 183-184, 189-190, 193-198, 202, 203, 205-210;

and 9/11, 20, 32, 60-62; and 2000 election, 122, 154-155; and Air Force One, 31, 112;

and alcohol, 137, 140, 148-152; and Allbaugh, Joe, 54-55; and Andover, 54, 136-137,

140, 207; and appearance, 194; and Arbusto Energy, 148; aristocratic roots of, 122-

123; arrest of, 138, 151; and Atwater, Lee, 152; and Barbour, Haley, 184; and Barnes,

Ben, 131; and Barnes, Fred, 156; and Beckwith, Bob, 61; and belt buckle, 195; and

birth of, 129; and Blessitt, Arthur, 151; and Bush, Barbara 135, 154; and Bush, George

H. W., 114, 151; and Bush, Jeb, 154; and Bush, Laura, 148-149, 195; and Bush, Robin,

135; and the Bush Exploration Company, 150; business connections of, 122-123; and

Card, Andy, 65-66; and Carter, Jimmy, 156; and Charge to Keep, A, 135; and

cheerleading, 137, 153, 205; and Cheney, Dick, 130, 154-155; and the Christian Right,

150, 154; as class president, 53; compared with Hoover, Herbert, 209-210; and

complaints about access, 60; and conception difficulties, 148; confidence of, 207; and

cuff links, 194; and daughters born, 148; and the DeLisle Elementary School, 183-184,

190-200, 202, 208; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 73, 183; and Delta Kappa Epsilon, 137;

and Draper, Eric, 59-61; and DuPont, 189; early life of, 135-138; and Elizabeth II, 123;

as the “Enforcer,” 152; failure of, 209; and FEMA, 32; and French Quarter, 63; and

Gore, Al, 122, 155; as Governor of Texas, 154; grades of, 137, 140; and the guitar, 109-

110; and a Gulf Coast photo op, 63; and Hance, Kent, 54, 148-150; and Harken Oil

and Gas, 150, 152; and the Harvard School of Business, 140-141, 147, 152; and hazing,

137; historical assessment of, 156; and the Homeland Security Act, 32; and the Hotel

Del Coronado, 108, 110; and House campaign, 148-150; and Houston, Texas, 136-140;

and Hughes, Karen, 54-55, 58, 154; and Hurricane Katrina, 31, 34, 62-63, 73, 105-106,

111-112, 140, 156, 183; intelligence of, 135-136; and Kinkaid School, 136; and lack of

inquisitiveness, 208; and little traveled, 205; and Lott, Trent, 62-63; marriage of, 148,

195; and McCain, John, 108, 154; and Midland, Texas, 131, 134-136, 147-148; and

military service, 139-140; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 63-69, 207-208; and

mistrust of others, 152, 205; and Mount Rushmore, 62; musical ability of, 137; and

the National Guard, 139-140; and New Orleans, 140; and nicknames, 114-116, 137;

and passport, 205; personality of, xiii, xvi, 53, 115-116, 125, 135-138, 140-141, 150-151,

203, 205-207; and “The Pet Goat,” 65; and photo op, 31, 112; political awareness of,

53; political connections of, 122-123; political loss for, 54, 148-150; political skill of,

203; and poll results, xvi, 33, 42, 68, 155-156, 208, 210; and presidential flyover, 31,

112; and presidential photographs, 58-60, 112; and privileged upbringing, 205; and

public image, 33, 112; and public relations, 59-60, 112; and PULL, 140; and religion,

151-152; and Richards, Ann, 154; and Rove, Karl, 54-59, 62-63, 68, 149, 154; and Sam

Houston Elementary, 135; and San Jacinto Junior High, 53, 135-136, 148; and

smoking, 138, 140; and Spectrum 7, 150; and sports, 135, 153; and the Statue of

Liberty, 61-62; and Texas governor’s race, 57, 122, 154; and Texas Rangers, 152-153;

and the University of Texas, 140; and view of history, 156, 207-208; and Walker,

George Herbert, 125, 207; and wallet, 195; and wedding ring, 195; and Williams,

Brian, 156; and Wills, Mark, 109-110; and wristwatch, 194; and Yale University, 137-

138, 152

Bush, James Smith, 123

Bush, Jeb, 32, 136,154; defeat by Chiles, Lawton, 32; and Governor of Florida, 154

Bush, Jenna, 148-149

Bush, Jonathan “Johnny,” 126

Bush, Laura Lane nee Welch, 108, 114, 148-149, 183, 193, 195; and Bush, George W., 148-

149; conception difficulties, 148; and McCain, John, 108; and San Jacinto Junior High,

148

Bush, Marvin, 136, 151

Bush, Nancy, 126

Bush, Neil, 136

Bush, Pauline Robinson “Robin,” 133-135; death of, 135; illness of, 134-135

Bush, Jr., Prescott “Pressie,” 125-126, 130

Bush, Prescott Sheldon, 27, 123-126, 130; and Bush, George H. W., 125; career of, 124-

125; and Dresser Industries, 125, 130; and Eisenhower, Dwight, 124; and Geronimo,

125; and hurricane damage, 27; and the Kennebunkport estate, 126; and the Nazi

Party, 124; and Walker, Dorothy, 123; and Walker, George, 124; and World War I

exaggeration, 123; and Yale University, 123, 125

Bush, Samuel Prescott, 123; and Harriman, E. H., 123; and Hoover, Herbert, 123

Bush, William Trotter, 126

Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, 7-8

Canon, 190-191; and the EOS, 190-191; early history of, 191; and Matthews, Keith, 190-

191

Card, Andy, 65-66, 110; and Bush, George W., 65-66; and Hurricane Katrina, 110; and

“Mission Accomplished” photo op, 65-66; and vacationing, 110;

Carter, Jimmy, 32, 156; and Bush, George W., 156; and FEMA, 32

Catastrophes, xvi, xviii 34-42, 48, 50-51, 72-73, 75-79, 81-112, 150-152, 154, 157-160, 162-

164, 172-181-184, 190, 199-200; and 9/11, 37; and the clergy, 34-37, 150-152, 154; and

Coolidge, Calvin, 157-160; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 183-184; and economic recovery,

35; and the Great Chicago Fire, 35; and the Great Flood of 1927, 42, 48, 50-51, 73, 88,

157-160, 162-164, 172-182; and Hurricane Camille, 190; and Hurricane Katrina, 94-95,

98, 104-112, 183-184, 190, 199-200; and the Johnstown flood, 37-42; and military

careers, 37; and publicity, 34-42; and the Red Cross, 36, 38-42; and Roosevelt,

Theodore, 36; and the San Francisco earthquake, 36

Catlin, George, 166; and Native Americans, 166

CBS News, 208; and Bush poll, 208

Challenger explosion, 10; and punctum images, 10

Chambers, Oswald, 152; My Utmost for His Highest, 152; and Bush, George W., 152

Charge to Keep, A, 54, 135

Cheney, Dick, 57, 110, 115, 130, 154-155, 210; and Bush/Hoover comparison, 210; and

Bush, George W., 130, 154-155; career of, 154-155; and fly-fishing, 110; and

Halliburton Company, 130, 155; and Hurricane Katrina, 110; and Libby, “Scooter,”

57; and nicknames, 115

Chertoff, Michael, 63, 106; and Gulf Coast photo op, 63; and Hurricane Katrina, 106

Chevalier, Tracy, 17, 19; and The Girl with a Pearl Earring, 17, 19

Children, 203-204, 210; and Dunleavy, Dennis, 203; as photo op props, 203-204, 210

Chiles, Lawton, 32; and criticism of Bush, George H. W., 32; and defeat of Bush, Jeb, 32;

and Hurricane Andrew, 32

Chinese Bureau of Mines, 141-142; and Hoover, Herbert, 141-142

Christian Right, 150-152, 154; and The 700 Club, 151; and Blessitt, Arthur, 151; and Bush,

George H. W., 151; and Bush, George W., 150-152, 154; and Carter, Jimmy, 151; and

Reagan, Ronald, 151; and Robinson, Pat, 151

Civil War, American, 170-172; 89, 102-103, 189; and hurricane, 89; and New Orleans,

102-103

Clergy, 34-37, 150-152, 154; and 9/11, 37; and Beecher, Henry Ward, 35; and

catastrophes, 34-37; and the Christian Right, 150-152, 154; and Falwell, Jerry, 37; and

Mather, Cotton, 34-35; and Mather, Increase, 34; and Natchez, Mississippi, 171-172;

and the Pentacostalists, 37; and publicity, 34-37; and Robinson, Pat, 37; and the San

Francisco earthquake, 36-37

Clinton, Bill, 32, 60, 83, 122, 153, 209; and the 1993 Mississippi River flood, 82

Collins, Bradford, 16-17; and 12 Views of Manet’s Bar, 16-17

Columbus, Christopher, 88; and hurricanes, 88

Commerce Department, 144-145; and Hoover, Herbert, 144-145

Commission for the Relief of Belgium (CRB), 143; and Hoover, Herbert, 143

Committee on Public Information (CPI), 43-44; and Bernays, Edward, 43-44

Communication, 8; and literal messages, 8; and symbolic messages, 8

Conrad, Jim, 182

Context, 5, 7; and visual analysis, 5, 7

Coolidge, Calvin, xii, 50-52, 95-96, 98, 113, 144-146, 154, 157-160, 162-163, 180; career of,

157-158; and death of son, 159; declined presidency, 52, 146; family of, 159; and the

Great Flood of 1927, 157-160, 162-163; and Hoover, Herbert, 95, 98, 145, 154; and the

Mississippi Flood Commission, 163; refused aid by, 157-160, 162; and relief funds,

96, 98; and Parker, Dorothy, 146; personality of, 146, 160; and presidential election,

145

Cotton, 169-170, 172; and African American slaves, 169-170; and Natchez, Mississippi,

169-170; and Whitney, Eli, 170

Creel, George, 43-44; and public relations, 43-44

Cruise, Tom, 65

Culture of Calamity: Disaster and the Making of Modern America, The, 34

Currier, Nathaniel, 102

Curtis, Charles, 52-53, 146; career of, 146; and facial hair, 146; and Hoover, Herbert, 52-

53, 146; and Native Americans, 146

Cyclones, 90; and Nargis, 90; and Myanmar, 90; and Taiwan, 90

D’Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, 100, 168, 185-186; and Lake Pontchartrain, 100

Daguerre, Louis, 14-15; and photography, 14-15

Dalai Lama, 72; and environmental movement, 72

Dallek, Robert, xvi, 210; and Bush/Hoover comparison, 210

Daniel, Pete, 179; and Deep’n as It Come, 179

Davidson, James, 201

Davis Cup, 180

Davis, Dwight, xii, 157-158, 163, 176-181, 203; and Coolidge, Calvin, 180; and the Davis

Cup, 180; and the Great Flood of 1927, 157-158, 163, 176-180; and Harvard

University, 180; and Hoover, Herbert, 157-158, 180; and Natchez, Mississippi, 157-

158; personality of, 179; and secretary of war, 157-158, 163, 180; and tennis, 180

Davis, Jefferson, 171

Davis, Samuel, 172

De L’Isle, Lieutenant Comte, 186; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 186; and St. Louis Bay, 186

De la Tour, Brion, 81; and the Mississippi River, 81

De Luna, Don Tristan, 88-89; and Florida, 88-89; and hurricanes, 88-89

De re Metallica, 142

De Saussure, Ferdinand, 8; and semiotics, 8

De Soto, Hernando, 165

Dead Certain: The Presidency of George W. Bush, 207

Deaver, Michael, 60, 64; and Bush, George W., 60; early career of, 60; and photo ops, 60;

and Reagan, Ronald, 60; and “wallpaper,” 64

“Declaration of Independence,” 169

Deep’n as It Come, 179

Defining Visual Rhetorics, 19; and 9/11, 19-21

Degas, Edgar, 16; and Manet, Édouard, 16

Delaroche, Hippolyte Paul, 14-15; and photography, 14-15

DeLisle Elementary School, 183, 190, 193, 196-198; and Bush, George W., 183, 190, 193,

197-198; demographics of, 197; and Hurricane Katrina, 183, 196-197, 199; and

teachers of, 197-198; and trailers, 199

DeLisle, Mississippi, xi, 73, 107, 183-187, 189-190, 202, 208; and Bush, George W., 73, 183,

202, 208; and De L’Isle, Lieutenant, 186; and the DeLisle Elementary School, 107, 183,

190, 193, 196-198; and DuPont, 186, 189-190; early history of, 185-186; economy of,

186; and Hurricane Camille, 186; and Hurricane Katrina, 73, 183; location of, 184-185;

and Native Americans, 185; and Pine Hills-on-the-Bay Hotel, 186; and Shelley

Plantation, 186; and Wolf Town, 186

Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE), 137, 152; and Bernstein, Tom, 152; and Betts, Roland, 152;

and Bush, George, W., 137; and hazing, 137

Dery, Mark, 209; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 207-209; and Rove, Karl, 209;

and photo ops, 209

DeServi, Robert, 64; and Bush, George W., 64; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op,

64

Devine, Thomas, 134

DeWitt, Jr., William, 150; and Bush, George W., 150; and Harvard School of Business,

150; and Spectrum 7, 150; and the St. Louis Cardinals, 150; and Yale University, 150

Dickerson, John, 207

Dioxin, 190; adverse effects of, 190; and DuPont, 190; and lawsuits about, 190; and

titanium dioxide, 190

Dixon, Alan, 56; and Rove, Karl, 56

Dole, Robert, 65

Draper, Eric, 59-61, 194; and Bush, George W., 59-61; early career of, 59-60; and White

House Photo Office, 59, 61

Draper, Rob, 181-182

Draper, Robert, 207; and Bush, George W., 207

Dresser Industries, 125, 130-131, 133; and Bush, George, H. W., 130-131, 133; and Bush,

George W., 131; and Bush, Prescott, 125, 130; history of, 130; and Mallon, Henry, 130,

133; merged with Halliburton Company, 130

Druesedow, Jean, 179-180

Du Pont de Nemours, Éleuthère Irénée, 187-189; director of the Bank of the United

States, 189; and gunpowder, 187-189; and Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 187

Du Pont, Pierre Samuel, 187-188; and Jefferson, Thomas, 188; and the Louisiana

Purchase, 188; and Napoleon I, 188

Dukakis, Michael, 56, 122, 139; and Atwater, Lee, 56; and Horton, Willie, 56

Dunant, Henry, 41; and the International Red Cross, 41; and Napoleon III, 41

Duncan, Stephen, 172; and the Bush photo op, 172; and cotton, 172; and Natchez,

Mississippi, 172; and slavery, 172

Dune, 70-71; plot of, 70

Dunleavy, Dennis, 203; and children as photo op props, 203

DuPont, 186-190; and Bush, George W., 189; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 186-187; and

dioxin, 190; early history of, 187-189; and lawsuits, 190; products of, 189; and

titanium dioxide, 189; and wars, 189; and Wilmington, Delaware, 189

Early, Stephen, 33; and photo op, 33; and Roosevelt, Franklin, 33

Earthquakes, 81; and floods, 81; and tsunamis, 81

Earthrise photograph, 71-72; and Anders, William, 71; and Apollo 8, 71; and

environmental movement, 71-72; and Life, 71-72; and McConnell, John, 72; and

Rowell, Galen, 71; and Whole Earth Catalog, 71

Eco, Umberto, 8; and semiotics, 8

Edwards, John, 155

Eidetic memory, 4; and Grandin, Temple, 4

Eisenhower, Dwight, 26-28, 37, 124, 147, 206; and Bush, Prescott, 124; and Hoover,

Herbert, 147; and Montgomery, Robert, 28; and photo op, 27-28

Eliot, T. S., 96

Emotional responses, 25; and photography, 25

Engelmann, Siegfried, 65; and “The Pet Goat,” 65

Environmental movement, 71-72; and Alioto, Joseph, 72; and Dalai Lama, 72; and Dune,

71; and Earth Day, 72; and earthrise photograph, 71; and Herbert, Frank, 71; and Life,

71-72; and McConnell, John, 72; and Nelson, Gaylord, 72; and Santa Barbara oil spill,

72; and the UNESCO conference, 72

Eos, 191; and Greek mythology, 191

Everything that Rises: A Book of Convergences, 5-7

Experience, 11; and metaphor, 11

Fahrenheit 9/11, 65; and “The Pet Goat,” 65

Fall, Albert, 145

Falwell, Jerry, 37; and 9/11, 37; and catastrophes, 37

Famous New Orleans Drinks and How to Mix ‘Em, 178

Farm Security Administration (FSA), 22; and Lange, Dorothea, 22; and Stryker, Roy, 22

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 19, 31-32, 55, 62-63, 83, 105-106, 111,

199; and 9/11, 19; and Allbaugh, Joe, 55; and Brown, Michael, 62-63; and Carter,

Jimmy, 32; and Hurricane Andrew, 31-32, 105-106, 111; and Hurricane Katrina, 32,

111; and Paulison, Robert, 83

Ferber, Edna, 160-161; career of, 161; and Show Boat, 161; work by, 161

Fiasco: American Military Adventure in Iraq, The, 65-66

Fieser, James, 172, 176, 179

Filo, John Paul, 10; and the Kent State Photograph, 10

Fineman, Howard, 62; and Bush, George W., 62

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 181

Flags of Our Fathers, 20; and the Iwo Jima photograph, 20

“Flappers,” 181; and a cloche hat, 181

Fleischman, Doris, 43-44; and Bernays, Edward, 43-44; and public relations, 43

Flickr, 5

Flood Control Act, 104, 111; and Hoover, Herbert, 104; and the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, 111

Floods, xvi, xviii 42, 48, 50-51, 72-73, 75-79, 81-88, 90, 95-99, 103-104, 107, 109-112, 157-

160, 162-164, 172-183, 190, 200; and the 1993 Mississippi River flood, 82; and the 2008

Mississippi River flood, 83; and the Caernarvon Canal, 104; and Cyclone Nargis, 90;

and DeLisle, Mississippi, 183, 190; and earthquakes, 81; and the Flood Control Act,

104; and Gilgamesh, King, 75; and the Great Flood of 1927, 42, 48, 50-51, 73, 88, 95-

99, 157-160, 162-164, 172-182; and Hoover, Herbert, 50, 73; and Hurricane Camille,

190; and hurricane categories, 93; and Hurricane Katrina, 109-112, 183, 190; and the

Indian Ocean tsunami, 81-82; and the Mississippi Flood Commission, 50; and the

Mississippi River, xvi, xviii, 42, 84-88, 103; and “Moses and the Red Sea,” 75-76; and

music, 160-162; and Natchez, Mississippi, 73; and the Netherlands, 79-80; and New

Orleans, 98-104, 107, 109-112; and the Nile River, 77-79; and “Noah and the Flood,”

75-76; and protection from, 90, 103; and relief camps, 98-99; and Taiwan, 90; and the

Thames River, 79; and trailers, 200; and Twain, Mark, 87; and the U.S. Army Corps

of Engineers, 104, 111-112; and Venice, Italy, 80-81; and A View of a River, 82;

Florida, 88-89, 104; and Bush, Jeb, 154; and Hurricane Katrina, 104; and hurricanes, 88-

89; and tourism, 89

Forman, Stanley, 4; and the Pulitzer Prize, 4

Forty-two Years in the White House, 113-114

Franklin, Thomas, 19-21; and 9/11, 19-21; and controversy, 21; and as a studium image,

20

Franks, Tommy, 65-66; and Iraq War, 65-66

French and Indian War, 102

French Quarter, 63, 100-102; and Bush, George W., 63; fires and, 102; and New Orleans,

100-102; and Spanish architecture, 102

French Revolution, 187-188; and the Du Ponts, 188; and the Jacobins, 188; and Louis

XVI, 188; and Marie-Antoinette, 188; and de Robespierre, Maximilien, 188

Freud, Sigmund, 43; and Bernays, Edward, 43

Friends Pacific Academy, 120; and George Fox University, 120; and Hoover, Herbert,

120

Galloway, Gerry, 82-83; and flooding, 82; and levees, 83; and the Mississippi River, 82

Galveston, Texas, 89-90, 169; and hurricane, 89-90

Galvez, de, Bernardo, 169; and Galveston, 169

Garfield, James, 37

George H. W. Presidential Library, 130, 135

George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader, 58-59, 69

Geronimo, 125, 130; and Bush, Prescott, 125; and Mallon, Henry, 130; and Yale

University, 125

Gerson, Michael, 65; and Bush, George W., 65; career of, 65; and Colson, Chuck; and

Dole, Robert, 65; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 65; and Rove, Karl, 65

Gibson, Michael Francis, 12-14; and The Mill and the Cross, 12-14; and visual analysis, 12-

14

Gilgamesh, King, 75; and floods, 75

Girl with a Pearl Earring, 17-19; and Tracy Chevalier, 17, 19; and Johannes Vermeer, 17-18

Gone with the Wind, 127

Gore, Al, 122, 155; and Bush, George W., 122, 155

Graham, Phillip, 136

Grandin, Temple, 3-4; and Asperger syndrome, 3; and eidetic memory, 4; and ethical

treatment of animals, 3; and Hoffman, Dustin, 3; and Rain Man, 3; and Thinking in

Pictures, 4; and visual thinking; 3-4

Grant, Ulysses, 37

Grapes of Wrath, The, 23; and “The Migrant Mother,” 23; and Steinbeck, John, 23

Great Chicago Fire, 35; and Beecher, Henry Ward, 35

Great Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast, The, 62

Great Depression, xvi, 48, 50, 53, 98, 147; and Hoover, Herbert, 53, 147; and the Red

Cross, 98

Great Flood of 1927, 42, 48, 50-51, 73, 88, 95-99, 103-104, 145, 157-160, 162-164, 172-182,

201-202; and African Americans, 96, 162-163, 173, 175-176, 180; and the Caernarvon

Canal, 104; compared with Hurricane Katrina, 98; damage of, 96; declared over, 99;

extent of, 96, 99; and Greenville, Mississippi, 96; and Hoover, Herbert, 42, 48, 51, 73,

157-158, 163-164, 172, 175; and Mound Landing, Mississippi, 96; and Natchez,

Mississippi, 73; and New Orleans, 103-104; origination of, 95-96; and the Red Cross,

51; and relief camps, 98-99, 164, 172-182

“Great Migration,” 175; and African Americans, 175

Greek mythology, 191; and Eos, 191

Greenville, Mississippi, 96, 162-164; and the Great Flood of 1927, 96, 162-164

Greenwich Country Day School, 126, 136; and Bush, George H. W., 126, 136

Grimm, Jacob, ix

Guevara de la Serna, Ernesto “Che,” 6-7

Gulf Coast, 34, 62-63, 73, 100, 107-112, 183, 186, 189-190, 205, history of, 100; and

Hurricane Katrina, 34, 62-63, 73, 107-112, 183, 190;

Gurney, Ed, 139

Hale, Kate, 32; and Hurricane Andrew, 32

Halliburton Company, 130, 154; and Cheney, Dick, 130, 154; and Dresser Industries, 130

Halstead, Dick, 60; and Bush, George W., 60; and complaints about access, 60

Hance, Kent, 54, 148-149; and Bush, George W., 54, 148-150

Harding, Warren, 144-145; death of, 145; and Teapot Dome scandal, 145

Hariman, Robert, 20-22, 32; and American politics, 32; and No Caption Needed, 20-22

Harken Oil and Gas, 150, 152; and Bush, George W., 150, 152; and Soros, George, 150;

and Spectrum 7, 150

Harriman, Edward Henry, 123-124

Harriman, William Averill, 123-124; career of, 124; and the Nazi Party, 124; and Yale

University, 124

Harrison, Benjamin, 37, 42, 113, 155; and the Red Cross, 42

Harrison, William, 37

Hartwell, David, 71; and Herbert, Frank, 71

Harvard, 140-141, 147, 150, 180; and Bush, George W., 140-141, 147; and Davis, Dwight,

180; and DeWitt, Jr., William, 150

Hastings, Daniel, 37-42; and Barton, Clara, 41-42; and the Johnstown flood, 37-42

Hatcher, Evelyn, 11; and metaphor

Hayes, Rutherford, 37

Helmers, Marguerite, 19; and 9/11, 19; and Defining Visual Rhetorics, 19

Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, xii, 147, 178

Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies, 52, 176

Herbert, Frank, 70-72; and dry-land ecologists, 71; and Dune, 70-71; and Hartwell,

David, 71

Herbie Fully Loaded, 196

Herlihy, Ed, 26

Hess, Stephen, 68; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 68

Hill, Charles, 19, 25; and 9/11, 19; Defining Visual Rhetorics, 19; and emotional responses,

25

Hoffman, Dustin, 3

Homeland Security Act, 32; and 9/11, 32; and Bush, George Walker, 32; and FEMA, 32;

and Hurricane Katrina, 32

Hoover Dam, 144

Hoover Institution, xvi, 144, 147

Hoover photo op analysis, 172, 176-182, 200, 201-20, 210; and Adams, Clifton, 176-177,

181; and African Americans, 202; and black and white film, 201; camera used, 177,

201; captions of, 177-178; and children 178, 180-181, 202, 210; and cigar, 179; clothing

worn, 179-181; composition of, 181; and Davis, Dwight, 178-179; and deer carcass,

182; and forest, 181-182; and “flapper,” 181; and hats, 179; and the Herbert Hoover

Presidential Library and Museum, 178; and Hoover, Herbert, 178-179; and lighting,

179; and location taken, 172; and Natchez, Mississippi, 172, 177-178; 182; and

National Geographic, 176-178, 181; purpose of, 203; and Simpich, Frederick, 178; and

staging, 202; and success of, 210; and tent style, 181

Hoover, Allen Henry, 142

Hoover, Herbert Clark, xii-xiii-xvi, xviii, 28, 32-33, 47-53, 95, 98, 104, 113-114, 116-121,

123, 131-133, 136, 141-147, 154-155, 157-158, 163-164, 172, 175-176, 178-181, 202, 205-

206, 208-210; and advertising, 132; and Akerson, George, 51; and “All in the Family,”

xviii; and American Individualism, 50; and Barry, John, 48-49; and Bernays, Edward,

47; and Berwick collar, 141, 179; and Bewick, Moreing and Company, 141-142; birth

of, 118; and birth of sons, 142; and Bush, Samuel, 123; and campaign film, 52, 176;

and children, 202; and the Chinese Bureau of Mines, 141-142; and Coolidge, Calvin,

95, 145, 154; as commerce secretary, xii, 47-48, 98, 144-145, 157-158; criticism of, 48-

50, 53; and the croup, 118-119; and Curtis, Charles, 52-53, 146; and Davis, Dwight,

180; and De re Metallica, 142; death of, 147; and death of parents, 119; early life of,

116-121, 131-133, 205; and fear of criticism, 176; and the Flood Control Act, 104; and

the “Flood Express,” 172; and Friends Pacific Academy, 120; and the Great

Depression, 48, 50, 53, 147; and the Great Flood of 1927, 42, 48, 50-53, 95, 98-99, 157-

158, 163-164, 172, 175; and Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies, 52, 176; and Hoover,

Hulda, 117-119; and Hoover, Jesse, 117-119; and Hoover, Lou, 47, 53, 132, 142, 205;

Hoover, Mary, 118-119; Hoover, Theodore, 118; and the Hoover Institution, 144, 147;

and the Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, 147; and Irwin, Will, 50-51; and

Janin, Louis, 141; and Lee, Ivy, 47; and Lippmann, Walter, 48; and loss to Franklin

Roosevelt, 53; and Minthorn, Henry, 119-121, 131-132; and the Mississippi Flood

Commission, 50, 95, 163; and mistrust of others, 205-206; and Moton, Robert, 176;

and move to Oregon, 120-121; and Natchez, Mississippi, 157-158, 164; as a “national

hero,” 173; as a New Deal critic, 147; and Niagara Falls, 95; and nicknames, 113, 116,

145-146; and Pearson, Drew, 48; personal wealth of, 47, and personality of, xiii, xvi,

49, 113-114, 116, 131-133, 141, 147, 205-206; and photography, 33; and political

awareness, 53-54; and poll results, 210; and presidency, 146-147; and presidential

appointments, 147; and press relations, 50-51; and publicity, 42, 47-50, 98-99, 143-145,

163-164, 173, 205-206; and public relations, 50-53, 143, 208; and Quaker influence, 50,

116-120; and radio, 98, 164; reelection defeat, 147, 176; and relief camps, 172, 175-176;

and Republican nomination, 52; and the Reward Gold Mine, 141; and the Rio-Tinto-

Zinc Corporation, Ltd., 142; and Roosevelt, Franklin, 47, 53; and Russian aid, 143;

and Schlesinger, Arthur, 48; and shyness, 47, 49; siblings of, 118-119; and smoking,

179; and the Sons of Gwalia mine, 141-142; and Stanford University, 132-133, 141-

142, 147; and Tarbell, Ida, 47; and television, 145; and “Ten greatest living

Americans,” 144; as a world traveler, 205; and World War I aid, 142-143

Hoover, Jr., Herbert, 142

Hoover, Hulda, 117-119; death of, 119; religious faith, 117-119; as teacher, 117

Hoover, Irwin, 113-114; and Coolidge, Calvin, 113; and Forty-two Years in the White

House, 113-114; and Harrison, Benjamin, 113; and Hoover, Herbert, 113

Hoover, Irwin, 206

Hoover, Jesse, 117-119; as a blacksmith, 119; death of, 119; early life of, 117;

Hoover, Mary, 118-119

Hoover, nee Henry, Lou, 47, 53, 132, 142, 205; and Hoover, Herbert, 132, 142, 205

Hoover, Theodore, 118

Hotel Del Coronado, 108, 110; and Bush, George W., 108, 110; and Some Like It Hot, 108,

110

Horton, Willie, 56; and Atwater, Lee, 56; and Dukakis, Michael, 56

House of Representatives campaign, 137, 148-150; and Bush, George H. W., 137; and

Bush, George W., 148-150

Houston, Texas, 136-137, 139-140

Hughes, Karen, 54-55, 58, 64, 115, 154; and Bush George W., 54-55, 154; career of, 55; and

A Charge to Keep, 54; and George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader, 58

Hurricane Andrew, 31-32; and Bush, George H. W., 31-32; and Clinton, Bill, 32; and

FEMA, 31-32

Hurricane Betsy, 28-31; and Bush, George H. W., 29; and Johnson, Lyndon, 28-31; and

Long, Russell, 30-31; and New Orleans, 29-31; and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 30;

and Zapata Off-Shore Company, 29

Hurricane Camille, 186, 190; and DuPont, 190; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 186, 190

Hurricane Connie, 26-28; and Eisenhower, Dwight, 26-28; and photo op, 27-28

Hurricane Diane, 26-28; and Eisenhower, Dwight, 26-28; and photo op, 27-28

Hurricane Katrina, ix-xi, xvi, xvii, 3, 29-30, 32, 34, 62-63, 73, 83, 94-95, 98, 104-112, 140,

162, 175, 178, 183-184, 190, 196-200, 205, 208; and Allbaugh, Joe, 55; and Blanco,

Kathleen, 105, 110; and Brown, Michael, 105; and Buras, Louisiana, 107; and Bush,

Barbara, 175; and Bush, George W., 31, 73, 105-106, 108-112, 183, 208; categories of,

104-107; and cleanup, 184; compared with the Great Flood of 1927, 98; cost of, 110-

111; damage of, 183; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 183, 190; and DuPont, 190; and

evacuations, 105-106; and FEMA, 32, 111; first named, 95; and Florida, 104; flooding

by, 109-112; and the Gulf Coast, 73, 107-112; and the Homeland Security Act, 32; and

landfall, 107; and levees, 83; and Mayfield, Max, 106; and Nagin, Jr., Ray, 106; and

name retired, 112; and New Orleans, 73, 83, 104-107, 111-112; and Niagara Falls, 112;

ocean surge of, 107-108; origination of, 94-95; and Pass Christian, Mississippi, 107-

108; and photo op, 184, 190-199; and presidential flyover, 31; and Rove, Karl, 62-63;

and shoes, 197; and similarity to Hurricane Betsy, 29-30; and tornadoes, 112; and

trailers, 199-200; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 111

Hurricanes, ix-xi, xvi, xvii, 3, 26-32, 34, 62-63, 73, 88-95, 103-112, 183, 186; and the 2005

Atlantic season, 92, 94-95; and the American Civil War, 89; and Andrew, 31-32; and

the Beaufort scale, 92-93; and Camille, 186, 190; categories of, 93; and Columbus,

Christopher, 88; and Connie, 26-28; and cyclones, 90; and Cyclone Nargis, 90; and De

Luna, Don Tristan, 88-89; and Diane, 26-28; and dinosaurs, 88; and flooding, 109-112;

and Florida, 88-89; and Galveston, Texas, 89-90; and the IKE scale, 93-94; and

Katrina, ix-xi, xvi, xvii, 3, 29-30, 32, 34, 62-63, 73, 83, 94-95, 98, 104-112, 140, 183, 190,

196-200; and the Mayans, 88; and Miami Beach, 89; and Myanmar, 90; naming

conventions of, 91-92; and the National Hurricane Center (NHC), 91-92; and New

Orleans, 103-104; and the “Okeechobee Hurricane,” 89; origination of, 94; and the

Saffir-Simpson scale, 93-94; and the Spaniards, 88-89; and “refugee” term, 178; and

Taiwan, 90; and tourism, 89; and tropical depressions, 94-95, 104; and the U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers, 111; and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 91-92;

and World War II, 89; and Wragge, Clement, 91

Hussein, Saddam, 64, 66; and Iraq War, 64

Iconic images, 8-9, 20-22, 24; and 9/11, 20-21; and the “The Migrant Mother,” 22; and No

Caption Needed, 23

Illinois Central Railroad, 172; and the “Flood Express,” 172

Image, The, 60

Images, 8-9, 27, 29-31, 58, 64; connotative, 9; denotative, 8; iconic, 8-9; indexical, 8-9;

literal, 8; and photo ops, 27, 29-31; and Rove, Karl, 58; symbolic, 8-9; and

“wallpaper,” 64

Indian Ocean, 81, 90; and Cyclone Nargis, 90; and earthquakes, 81; and a tsunami, 81

Integrated Kinetic Energy (IKE) scale, 93-94; and hurricanes, 93-94

iPhone, 5

Iraq War, 63-69, 207; and Bergen, Bob, 69; and Franks, Tommy, 65-66; and Hussein,

Saddam, 64; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 63-69

Irwin, Will, 50-51; and Hoover, Herbert, 50-51

Ives, James, 102

Iwo Jima photograph, 9, 19-21, 110; and Rosenthal, Joe, 9; and studium images, 9, 20

Jackson, Alphonso, 63; and Gulf Coast photo op, 63

Jackson, Andrew, 37, 102; and the Battle of New Orleans, 102

Jacobins, The, 188

Jadwin, Edgar, 163, 172

Janin, Louis, 141; and Hoover, Herbert, 141

Jefferson, Thomas, 44, 188; and the Louisiana Purchase, 188; and public relations, 44

Johnson, Claudia “Lady Bird,” 28-29; and Kennedy assassination, 28-29

Johnson, Lyndon, 28-31, 59; and Hurricane Betsy, 28-31; and Kennedy assassination, 28-

29; and Long, Russell, 30-31; and Okamoto, Yoichi, 59; and presidential

photographs, 59; and Rowe, Abby, 59

Johnson, Mark, 11; and Metaphors We Live By, 11

Johnstown flood, 37-42; and Barton, Clara, 38-42; and Beaver, James, 39; and Hastings,

Daniel, 37-42; and publicity, 38-39; and the Red Cross, 38

Johnstown Flood, The, 42

Kaplan, Stuart Jay, 11; and metaphor, 11

Katrina, 112; popularity of, 112

Kendall, Paul, 113

Kennebunkport, Maine, 126, 151, 207

Kennedy, John, 59; and presidential photographs, 59; and Stoughton, Cecil, 59

Kent State, 10; and Filo, John 10; and punctum images, 10

Kerry, John, 155

Keyes, Ralph, 68; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 68

Kinkaid School, 136

Kuwabara, Greg, 197; and dental braces, 197

La Salle, René-Robert, 165-166; and the Mississippi River, 165-166; murder of, 166; and

the Natchez, Native American tribe, 165-166

Lake Pontchartrain, 99, 100; and d’Iberville, Pierre, 100; history of, 100; naming of, 100;

and New Orleans, 99

Lakoff, George, 11; and Metaphors We Live By, 11

Lange, Dorothea, 9, 22-24, 177; career of, 22-23; and “The Migrant Mother,” 9, 22-24; and

Taylor, Paul, 22

Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 187; and modern chemistry, 187; beheading of, 187

Lee, Ivy, 42-45; controversies of, 45; early career of, 44-45; and Hoover, Herbert, 47; as

“Poison Ivy,” 45; and public relations, 42-45

Lee, John, 163

Lee, Spike, 161; and When the Levee Broke, 161

Leopold, Leo, 82; and A View of a River, 82

Leskanich, Katrina, 112; and Katrina and the Waves, 112

Lester, Paul Martin, 11-12; and an analytical technique, 11-12

Leterman, Elmer, 201

Levees, 30, 82-83, 103-104, 111; and Hurricane Betsy, 30; and the Mississippi River, 82-

83; and New Orleans, 103-104, 111; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 30, 82-83

Libby, “Scooter,” Irving, 57; and Cheney, Dick, 57; and Novak, Robert, 57

Lieberman, Joe, 155

Liedtke, Bill and Hugh, 134, 136

Life, 71-72; and the earthrise photograph, 71-72

Life on the Mississippi, 87

Lindbergh, Charles, 51, 173

Lippmann, Walter, 43, 46-47, 208-209; early career of, 46; and Hoover, Herbert, 48; and

photo ops, 209-209; and Public Opinion, 46; and public relations, 43, 46-47

Literal messages, 8; and denotative images, 8

Loblolly pines, 182

Logan, William, 75; and Gilgamesh, King, 75; and Oak: The Frame of Civilization, 75

“Lone Star,” 195; history of, 195; specifications for, 195

Long, Russell, 30-31; and Hurricane Betsy, 30-31; and Johnson, Lyndon, 30-31

“Looting or Finding” images, ix-x; and stereotypes, ix

Lorentz, Pare, 84-85; and the Mississippi River, 84-85; and Plow That Broke the Plains,

The, 84; and River, The, 85; and Tugwell, Rex, 84-85

Lott, Trent, 62-63; and Bush, George W., 62-63; and Hurricane Katrina, 62-63

Louis, XIV, 165; and Louisiana, 165

Louis XVI, 188

Louisiana, 30, 101-102, 107, 112, 161, 165, 169, 185-186, 188, founding of, 186; and Louis

XIV, 165; and “Louisiana 1927,” 161; and the Louisiana Purchase, 101-102, 188; and

the Louisiana Territory, 169; and Napoleon I, 102, 188

“Louisiana 1927,” 161-162; and Neville, Aaron, 162; and Newman, Randy, 161-162

Love Bug, The, 196

Lucaites, John Louis, 20-22; and No Caption Needed, 20-22

Lytle, Mark, 201

“Madonna and Child” imagery, 22-23

Mallon, Henry Neil, 130, 133; and Bush, George H. W., 130, 133; and Bush, Prescott, 130;

and Dresser Industries, 130, 133; and Geronimo, 130;

Manet, Édouard, 14-17; and A Bar at the Folies Bergère, 15-17; and photography, 14-15;

and visual analysis, 14-17

Marie-Antoinette, 188

Masur, Louis, 4, 7, 181; and history, 7; and The Soiling of Old Glory, 4

Mather, Cotton, 34-35; and catastrophes, 34-35; and publicity, 34-35

Mather, Increase, 34; and catastrophes, 34; and publicity, 34

Matthews, Chris, 68; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 68

Matthews, Keith, 190-193, 203-204; and the Bush photo op analysis, 190-193; and the

Secret Service, 192; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 191

Mayfield, Max, 106; and the NHC, 106; and Hurricane Katrina, 106

McCain, John, 57-58, 108, 154; and birthday cake, 108; and Bush, George W., 108, 154;

and Bush, Laura, 108; and Rove, Karl, 57-58

McClellan, Scott, 62, 203, 208; and Bush, George W., 62, 203, 208; and What Happened,

208

McConnell, John, 72; and Earth Day, 72; and earthrise photograph, 72; and

environmental movement, 72; and the UNESCO conference, 72

McCullough, David, 42; and Johnstown Flood, The, 42

McGovern, George, 56; and Atwater, Lee, 56-57; and Rove, Karl, 56-57; and Segretti,

Donald, 56

McKee, Guian, 200

Mellon, Andrew, 163

Mencken, H. L., 178, 181

Metaphor, 10-11; and the “Allegory of the Cave,” 11; and Aristotle, 10; and experience,

11; and Hatcher, Evelyn; and Kaplan, Stuart Jay, 11; and Metaphors We Live By, 11

Meyer, Agnes, 50; and Hoover, Herbert, 50; and the Washington Post, 50

Meyer, Eugene, 136

Miami Beach, 89; and hurricane, 89;

Midland, Texas, 130-131, 133-136, 147-148, 155, 195; and Bush, George, H. W., 130-133,

133-135; and Bush, George W., 131, 134-136, 147-149; and Bush, Laura, 148

“Migrant Mother, The,” 9, 22-24, 177; and The Grapes of Wrath, 23; as iconic image, 22;

and “Madonna and Child” imagery, 22-23; and studium images, 9

Milbank, Dana, 55, 66, 115

Mill and the Cross, The, 12-14; and the Christ figure, 14; and Gibson, Michael Francis, 12-

14

Minthorn, Henry, 119-121, 131-132; and Hoover, Herbert, 119-121

“Mission Accomplished” photo op, 63-69, 155, 207-209; and Bergen, Bob, 69; and Bush,

George W., 64-69; delayed reaction to, 68-69; and DeServi, Robert, 64; as historical

legacy, 64; initial reaction of, 67-68; and Iraq War, 63-69; and Rove, Karl, 68; and

Rumsfeld, Donald, 65-66, 68; and Sforza, Scott, 64-66, 69; and USS Abraham Lincoln,

65, 67, 69

Mississippi Bureau of Investigation (MBI), 199

Mississippi Emergency Management Agency (MEMA), 199

Mississippi Flood Commission, 95, 98, 163; and Coolidge, Calvin, 163; and the Great

Flood of 1927, 163; and Hoover, Herbert, 95, 163

Mississippi River, xii, xvi, xviii, 42, 50, 81-88, 99, 103-104, 157-160, 162-172; Commission,

50, 87; and control of, 81; early history of, 165-172; floods of, xvi, xviii, 42, 84-88; and

the Great Flood of 1927, 42, 48, 50-51, 73, 88, 157-160, 162-164; and Hoover, Herbert,

50; length of, 81; and levees, 81-82, 103-104; and music, 160-162; names for, 85-86;

and New Orleans, 99; and O’Donnell, Pierce, 83; and “Ol’ Man River;” origination

of, 81; and Robeson, Paul, 160-161; and Show Boat, 160-161; and its system, 84-85; and

Twain, Mark, 87; and the U.S. Corps of Engineers, 82, 104

Monroe, James, 189

Montgomery, Robert, 28; and Eisenhower, Dwight, 28; and publicity coaching, 28

Moore, Michael, 65; and Fahrenheit 9/11, 65

Morris, Charles, 8; and semiotics, 8

Mosbacher, Robert, 57; and Rove, Karl, 57

“Moses and the Red Sea,” 75-76, 160; and floods, 75-76

Moton, Robert Russa, 176; and Hoover, Herbert, 176; and relief camp investigation, 176

Mound Landing, Mississippi, 96-97, 162; and the Great Flood of 1927, 96-97, 162

Mount Rushmore, 62; and Bush, George W. photo op, 62

MSNBC Countdown, 68

Music, 160-162; and the Mississippi River, 160-162

My Utmost for His Highest, 152

Myanmar, 90; and Cyclone Nargis, 90

Nader, Ralph, 155

Nagin, Jr., Ray, 106; and career of, 106; and New Orleans, 106

Napoleon, I, 102; and Du Pont, Pierre, 188; and the Louisiana Purchase, 102, 188

Napoleon III, 41; and Dunant, Henry, 41

Natchez, Mississippi, xii, 73, 87, 157; 157-158, 164-172, 177; and agriculture, 169-170, 172;

and American control, 169-172; as capital of Mississippi, 170; and cotton, 169-170,

172; and Davis, Dwight, 157-158; and Davis, Jefferson, 171; and Duncan, Stephen,

172; early history of, 165-172; economics of, 164-165; first settlements of, 168-169; and

the Great Flood of 1927, 73; and Hoover, Herbert, 73, 157-158, 164; and Hoover

photo op, 172, 177-178; population of, 164; prosperity of, 170-172; and wars, 168-169,

171

Natchez, Native American tribe, 165-169; culture of, 166-168; and De Soto, Hernando,

165; genocide of, 169; and plantation farming, 167; and wars, 168-169

National Geographic, xii-xiii, 104, 176-179, 181, 203; and Adams, Clifton, 176-178; Arthur,

Stanley, 178; and the Great Flood of 1927, 176-179; and the Hoover photo op, 176-

178, 181; and racial divide, 202; and Simpich, Frederick, 104, 178

National Guard, 138-140; 174-175; and Bush, George W., 139-140; and relief camps, 174-

175; and sex workers, 174-175

National Hurricane Center (NHC), 91-95, 106; and Hurricane Katrina, 94-95, 106; and

hurricane names, 91-92; and Mayfield, Max, 106

National Park Service, 59; and presidential photographs, 59; and Rowe, Abby, 59

National Review, xvi

National Weather Service, 104, 106; and Hurricane Katrina, 104, 106

Native Americans, 85-85, 100, 146, 166, 185, 200; and Curtis, Charles, 146; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 185; and health concerns, 200; and Lake Pontchartrain, 100; and names for

the Mississippi River, 85-86; and trailers, 200;

Nazi Party, 124; and Bush, Prescott, 124; and Harriman, Averill, 124; and Walker,

George, 124

Nelson, Gaylord, 72; and Earth Day, 72; and environmental movement, 72; and Santa

Barbara oil spill, 72

Netherlands, 79-80; and flooding, 79-80

New Deal, 147

New Orleans, ix-x, xvii, 29-31, 34, 62-63, 73, 83, 98-107, 109, 111-112, 140, 169, 184; and

the Battle of, 102; Bienville, Jean-Baptiste, 100; and Bush, George W., 63, 112, 140;

and the Caernarvon Canal, 104; and the American Civil War, 102-103; culture of, 100;

early inhabitants of, 102; and its economy today, 103; and flooding, 29-31, 107, 109-

112; and the French Quarter, 63, 100-102; history of, 100-104; and Hurricane Betsy,

29-31; and Hurricane Katrina, 73, 98, 104-107, 109, 111-112; and hurricane protection,

103-104, 111; and Johnson, Lyndon visit, 30-31; and Lake Pontchartrain, 99-100; and

levees, 83, 103; and the Mississippi River, 99; and Nagin, Jr., Ray, 106; naming of,

100; neighborhoods of, xvii, 107; nicknames of, 99; and O’Donnell, Pierce, 83; and the

Pontalba apartments, 101; population of, 102; and yellow fever, 102

New York Mets, 130; and Walker, Jr., George, 130

New York Times, 144, 173, 207; and Hoover, Herbert, 144, 173

Newcombe, John, 151

Newman, Randy, 161-162; career of, 161-162; and “Louisiana 1927,” 161-162

Newton, Julianne, ix

Niagara Falls, 95, 112, 162; and Hoover, Herbert, 95; and Hurricane Katrina, 112

Nile River, 77-79; and Alhazen, 77-78; and al-Hakim, 77-78

Nixon, Richard, xvi, 56, 156; and poll results, xvi; and Watergate scandal, 56

No Caption Needed: Iconic Photographs, Public Culture, and Liberal Democracy, 20-22; and

9/11, 20; and iconic images, 21-22; and “The Migrant Mother,” 23; and

photojournalism, 20

“Noah and the Flood,” 75-76, 160; and Gilgamesh, King, 75

Novak, Robert, 57; and Libby, “Scooter,” 57; and Plame, Valerie, 57

O’Donnell, Pierce, 83; and levees, 83

O’Neill, Joe and Jan, 148

O’Neill, Paul, 116; and Bush, George W., 116

Oak: The Frame of Civilization, 75

Obama, Barack, 209

Odessa, Texas, 130-131, 133; and Bush, George, H. W., 130-131, 133; history of, 130

Okamoto, Yoichi, 59; and Johnson, Lyndon, 59; and USIA, 59

“Ol’ Man River,” 161; and Show Boat, 161

Olbermann, Keith, 68; and Bush, George W., 68; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op,

68; and MSNBC Countdown, 68

Overbey, John, 134

Parker, Dorothy, 146

Pass Christian “The Pass,” Mississippi, 107-108, 183; High School, 107-108; and

Hurricane Katrina, 107-108, 183

Paulison, Robert, 83; and the 2008 Mississippi River flood, 83; and duct tape, 83; and

FEMA, 83

Pearson, Drew, 48; and Hoover, Herbert, 48

Peirce, Charles Sanders, 8; and semiotics, 8

Pentacostalists, 37; and the San Francisco earthquake, 37

Perlmutter, David, ix, xi, 9, 11; and an analytical technique, 11; and history, 11

“Pet Goat, The,” 65; and Bush, George W., 65

Phillips Academy, see Andover

Photo ops, 24-25, 27-31, 33, 58-69, 112, 172, 176-182, 184, 201-203, 208-210; and Air Force

One, 30-31, 112; and Bush, George W., 58-69, 112, 208-210; and Bush, Prescott, 27;

and children as props, 203, 210; definition of, 33; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 184; and

Dery, Mark, 209; and Dunleavy, Dennis, 203; and Early, Stephen, 33; and

Eisenhower, Dwight, 27; and French Quarter, 63; and Gulf Coast, 63; and Hoover,

Herbert, 172, 176-182, 210; and Johnson, Lyndon, 29-30; and manipulation, 25; and

“Mission Accomplished,” 207-209; and publicity, 27-31; and Roosevelt, Franklin, 33;

and Rove, Karl, 209; and stage managing, 24, 202; and “wallpaper,” 64; and Will,

George, 33

Photography, 14-15, 19-24, 32-33, 58-60, 210; and 9/11, 19-21; and Bush, George W., 58-

60; and emotional responses, 25; and Hoover, Herbert, 32-33; as iconic images, 20;

and Johnson, Lyndon, 59; and Kennedy, John, 59; and Lippmann, Walter, 208-209;

and manipulations, 24; and photo ops, 24-25, 27-31, 33; and photojournalism, 20, 210;

and presidential flyovers, 27, 29-30, 112; and Roosevelt, Franklin, 59

Photoshop, 24; and manipulations, 24

Pierce, Franklin, 37, 127; and Bush, Barbara, 127; personality of, 127; and rating as

president, 127

Pierce, Marvin, 127

Pine Hills-on-the-Bay Hotel, 186; and DuPont, 189; and Hurricane Camille, 186; and

World War II, 186

Plame, Valerie, 57-58; and Novak, Robert, 57; and Rove, Karl, 57-58; and Wilson, Joseph,

57

Plato, 10-11; and Aristotle, 10-11

Plow That Broke the Plains, The, 84

Powell, Colin, 115

Practices of Looking, 5

Presidential flyovers, 27-28, 30-31, 62-63, 112; and Bush, George Walker, 31, 112; and

Eisenhower, Dwight, 27-28; and Hurricane Katrina, 31, 62-63; and Johnson, Lyndon,

30-31

Press conferences, 205, 207; and Bush, George W., 207; and Hoover, Herbert, 205

Press releases, 47; and Hoover, Herbert, 47

Press secretaries, 51, 203; and Hoover, Herbert, 51

Procession to Calvary, The, 13-14; and Bruegel, the Elder, 13-14; and the Christ figure, 14;

and The Mill and the Cross, 13-14;

Professional United Leadership League (PULL), 140; and Bush, George W., 140

Pseudo-events, see photo ops

Public Opinion, 46, 208-209

Public relations, 42-53, 59-60, 64, 143, 207-208, 210; and Aristotle, 42; and Bernays,

Edward, 42-44; and Bush, George W., 58-69, 207; and the Committee on Public

Information (CPI), 43-44; and Creel, George, 43-44; early history of, 42-43; and

Fleischman, Doris, 43-44; and Hoover, Herbert, 50-53, 143, 208; and Jefferson,

Thomas, 44; and Johnson, Lyndon, 59; and Lee, Ivy, 42, 44-45; and Lippmann,

Walter, 43, 46-47; and “wallpaper,” 64

Publicity, 26-69, 98-99, 112, 143-145, 163-164, 173, 202-205, 208, 210; and 9/11, 37; and

Barton, Clara, 41-42; and Bush, George H. W., 31-32; and Bush, George W., 42, 112,

208; and catastrophes, 34-37; and children, 203-204, 210; and the clergy, 34-37; and

coaching, 28; and Eisenhower, Dwight, 26-28; and the Great Flood of 1927, 98-99,

163-164; and Hastings, Daniel, 37-42; and Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies, 52,

176; and Hoover, Herbert, 28, 42, 47-53, 98-99, 143-145, 163-164, 173, 205-206; and

Hurricane Betsy, 28-31; and Hurricanes Connie and Diane, 26-28; and images, 210;

and Johnson, Lyndon, 28-31; and the Johnstown flood, 38-39; and Long, Russell, 30-

31; and military careers, 37; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 63-69; and press

relations, 50-51; and press releases, 47; and public relations, 42-47; and radio, 98; and

the Red Cross, 34, 36, 39-42; and Roosevelt, Theodore, 36; and the San Francisco

earthquake, 36-37; and “wallpaper,” 64

Pulitzer Prize, 4, 19, 50, 161

Punctum images, 9-10, 25; and 9/11, 10; and the Challenger explosion, 10; and the

execution photograph, 10; and Kent State, 10; and the Rodney King beating, 10

Quayle, Dan, 139

Queen Elizabeth, 151; and Bush, George W., 151

Racism, 175-176; and relief camps, 175-176

Raddatz, Martha, 110; and Bush, George W., 109-110; and Wills, Mark, 109-110

Radio, 98, 164; and Hoover, Herbert, 98, 164

Rain Man, 3

Rasmussen Reports, xvi

Rea, Paul, 150

Reagan, Ronald, 60, 151; and presidential photographs, 60

Rebel Without a Cause, 195

Rebel-in-Chief: Inside the Bold and Controversial Presidency of George W. Bush, 68, 156

Red Cross, 34, 36, 39-42, 50-51, 62, 98-99, 164, 172-176; and Barton, Clara, 36, 39-42; and

disaster relief, 41; and Dunant, Henry, 41; and fear of criticism, 175-176; and Fieser,

James, 172, 176, 179; and the Great Depression, 98; and the Great Flood of 1927, 51,

98; and Harrison, Benjamin, 42; and the Johnstown flood, 38-40; and McCullough,

David, 42; and publicity, 34; relief camps of, 164, 173-174; and the San Francisco

earthquake, 36, and venereal disease, 175

Reese, Jim, 149

Regnery, Alfred, xvi; and Upstream, xvi; and American Spectator, xvii

Relief camps, 98-99, 164, 172-182; and African Americans, 98, 173, 175-176; and children,

164, 177-178, 180-181; and Cleveland, Mississippi, 98; and disease, 173-174; and

entertainment, 174; and the Great Flood of 1927, 98-99, 164, 172-182; and household

lessons, 174; and the National Guard, 174-175; and racism, 175-176; and the Red

Cross, 164, 172-174; and sex workers, 174-175

Rembrandt van Rijn, 6-7, 18

Resettlement Administration (RA), 22

Reward Gold Mine, 141; and Hoover, Herbert, 141

Reynolds, Mercer, 150; and Bush, George, W., 150; and Spectrum 7, 150

Rhetoric, 10; and Aristotle, 10

Rice, Condoleezza, 115

Rich, Frank, 63; and Bush, George W., 63

Richards, Ann, 54, 57, 121-122, 154; and Bush, George H. W., 121-122; and Bush, George

W., 54, 154; and speech, 121-122

Ricks, Thomas, 65-66, 68; and Fiasco, 65-66; and Franks, Tommy, 65-66; and “Mission

Accomplished” photo op, 65-66, 68

Rio-Tinto-Zinc Corporation, Ltd., 142; and Hoover, Herbert, 142

Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, xii, 48

River, The, 85

Rivers, xii, xvi, xviii, 42, 48, 50-51, 73, 77-79, 82-88, 99, 103-104, 157-160, 162-172; and the

Mississippi, xii, xvi, xviii, 42, 50, 81-88, 99, 103-104, 157-160, 162-172; and the Nile,

77-79; and the Thames, 79

Robeson, Paul, 160-161; and Show Boat, 161

Robespierre, de, Maximilien François-Marie-Isidore, 187

Robinson, Pat, 37, 151; and 9/11, 37; and The 700 Club, 151; and catastrophes, 37; and the

Christian Right, 151

Robinson, Pauline, 127; death of, 133

Rodney King beating, 10; and punctum images, 10

Romasco, Albert, 206; and Hoover, Herbert, 206

Roosevelt, Franklin, 33, 47, 53, 59, 144, 147; and Hoover, Herbert, 47, 53, 144, 147; and

the National Park Service, 59; and the New Deal, 147; and the photo op, 33; and

polio, 59; and presidential photographs, 59

Roosevelt, Jr., Ted, 179; and Davis, Dwight, 179

Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy,” 37, 67, 206

Rosenthal, Joe, 9, 19-21; and the Iwo Jima photograph, 9, 19-21

Roussel, Peter, 151

Rove, Karl, 55-59, 61-64, 68, 115, 149, 154, 209; and 9/11, 61-62; and Atwater, Lee, 56;

and Bartlett, Dan, 64; and Beckwith, Bob, 61; and Bush, George H. W., 56, 149, 154;

and Bush, George H. W., 56; and Bush, George W., 56-59; and dirty tricks, 55-58; and

Dixon, Alan, 56; early career of, 55-56; fired by Bush, George H. W., 57; and Fox

News, 58; and Gerson, Michael, 65; and images, 58, 68; and McCain, John, 57-58; and

McGovern, George, 56; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 68; and Mosbacher,

Robert, 57; and nicknames, 115; and photo ops, 209; and presidential flyovers, 62;

resignation from government, 58; and Segretti, Donald, 56

Rowe, Abby, 59; and Johnson, Lyndon, 59; and the National Park Service, 59

Rowell, Galen, 71; and earthrise photograph, 71; and environmental movement, 71

Rozario, Kevin, 34; and catastrophes, 34; and The Culture of Calamity, 34; and publicity,

34

Rumsfeld, Donald, 65-66, 68, 110, 152; and Hurricane Katrina, 110; and “Mission

Accomplished” photo op, 65-66, 68; and San Diego baseball game, 110

Ruskin, John, 3

Russia, 143; and Hoover, Herbert, 143

Ruth, Babe, 129; and Bush, George H. W., 129

Rye Country Day School, 127; and Bush, Barbara, 127

Saffir-Simpson Scale, 93-94; and hurricane categories, 93; and Saffir, Herbert, 93; and

Simpson, Robert, 93

Salvation Army, 62

Sam Houston Elementary, 135

San Francisco earthquake, 36-37; and the clergy, 36-37; and the Pentacostalists, 37

San Jacinto Junior High, 135-136, 148

Santa Barbara oil spill, 72; and Earth Day, 72; and environmental movement, 72; and

Nelson, Gaylord, 72

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 8

Saucier, Jean Baptiste, 185-186

Saudi Arabia, 104

Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur, 48, 206; and Hoover, Herbert, 48, 206

Sebeok, Thomas, 8; and semiotics, 8

Secret Service, 192

Segretti, Donald, 56; and Rove, Karl, 56; and Watergate scandal, 56

Semiotics, 8

Sforza, Scott, 64-66, 69; and Bartlett, Dan, 64; and Bush, George W., 64, 69; and “Mission

Accomplished” photo op, 64-66, 69; resignation of, 69

Shakespeare, William, 89; and Bermuda, 89; and The Tempest, 89

Shelley Plantation, 186; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 186; and Pine Hills-on-the-Bay Hotel,

186; and slave labor, 186

Shields, Joseph, 171

Show Boat, 160; and “Ol’ Man River,” 161

Simpich, Frederick, 104, 178; career of, 178; and National Geographic, 104, 178

Skull and Bones, 125, 130; and Bush, George, H. W., 130; and Bush, Prescott, 125; and

Geronimo, 125, 130; and Yale University, 125, 130

Smith, Alfred, 146

Smith, Richard Horton, 206; and Hoover, Herbert, 206

Snow, Edward, 18-19; and A Study of Vermeer, 18-19

Soiling of Old Glory: The Story of a Photograph that Shocked America, The, 4; and Forman,

Stanley, 4

Some Like It Hot, 108, 110; and the Hotel Del Coronado, 108, 110

Sons of Gwalia mine, 141-142; and Hoover, Herbert, 141-142

Sontag, Susan, 5

Soros, George, 150; and Harken Oil and Gas, 150

Sosa, Sammy, 207

Spectrum 7, 150, 152; and Bernstein, Tom, 152; and Betts, Roland, 152; and Bush, George

W., 150; and DeWitt, Jr., William, 150; and Harken Oil and Gas, 150; and Rea, Paul,

150

Speed Graphic, 177

St. Louis Bay, 186

St. Louis Cardinals, 150

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 206

Stanford University, 132-133, 141-142, 147; and Branner, John, 132, 142; and Hoover,

Herbert, 132-133, 141-142; and Hoover, Lou, 132, 142

Statue of Liberty, 61-62; and Bush, George W., 61-62

Steinbeck, John, 23; and The Grapes of Wrath, 23; and “The Migrant Mother,” 23

Stereotypes, ix-x; and African Americans, ix, and “Looting or Finding” images, ix-x

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, 207

Stoughton, Cecil, 28-29, 59; and Kennedy, John, 28-29, 59

Strauss, Robert, 125; and Bush personalities, 125

Stryker, Roy, 22

Studium image, 9, 20, 25; and 9/11, 20; and the Iwo Jima photograph, 9; and “The

Migrant Mother,” 9

Study of Vermeer, A, 18-19; and Edward Snow, 18-19

Symbolic messages, 8-9; and connotative images, 9

T-shirt, 194-195; and Bush, George W., 194; and Dean, James, 195; and World War I, 194

Taft, Howard, 153; and presidential first pitches, 153

Taiwan, 90; and cyclones, 90

Tarbell, Ida, 47; and Hoover, Herbert, 47

Taylor, Paul 22; and Lange, Dorothea, 22

Taylor, Zachary, 37

Teapot Dome scandal, 145; and Harding, Warren, 145

Television, 145; and AT&T, 145; and Hoover, Herbert, 145

Tempest, The, 89

“Ten greatest living Americans,” 144; and Hoover, Herbert, 144

Texas Rangers, 152-153, 155; and Bernstein, Tom, 152; and Betts, Roland, 152; and Bush,

George W., 152-153; and Chiles, Eddie, 152; record of, 153

Thames River, 79; and flooding, 79

Thinking in Pictures, 4

Thomas, Pauline Weston, 196-198

Thompson, Florence, 9, 22-24, 177; as iconic image, 22; and life after the photograph, 24;

and “The Migrant Mother,” 9, 22-24

Thurmond, Strom, 56; and Atwater, Lee, 56

Tilton, Elizabeth, 35; and Beecher, Henry Ward, 35

Time, 207

Times-Picayune, The, xvii

Timex, 194; and Bush, George W., 194; history of, 194; styles of, 194

Titanium dioxide, 185; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 185; and dioxin, 190; and DuPont, 189

Trailers, 199-200; and the Hoover administration, 200; and FEMA, 199; and health

concerns of, 200; and Hurricane Katrina, 199; and MEMA, 199; and Native

Americans, 200; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 199

Trenholm, George, 127; and Gone With the Wind, 127

Trigo, Freddy Alborta, 6; and the “Che” deathbed photograph, 6

Tropical depressions, 94-95, 104; and Hurricane Katrina, 94-95, 104

Truman, Harry, 147; and Hoover, Herbert, 147

Tsunamis, 81; and earthquakes, 81; and the Indian Ocean, 81

Tugwell, Rex, 84-85; and Lorentz, Pare, 84-85

Turan, Ronnie, 199

Twain, Mark, 87; and Life on the Mississippi, 87; and the Mississippi River, 87

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 35

UNESCO conference, 72; and Alioto, Joseph, 72; and Earth Day, 72; and environmental

movement, 72; and McConnell, John, 72

United States of America, 122; as a federation of states and areas, 122; royal class of, 122

University of Texas, 140

Upstream: The Ascendancy of American Conservatism, xvii

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, xi, xiii, 30, 82-83, 87, 104, 111-112, 163, 172, 190-193, 199,

203-204; and the atomic bomb, 104; and the Flood Control Act, 111; and the Great

Flood of 1927, 163; history of, 103; and Hurricane Betsy, 30; and Hurricane Katrina,

111-112; and Jadwin, Edgar, 163, 172; and lawsuits against, 111; and Lee, John, 163;

and levees, 30, 82-83; and Matthews, Keith, 190-193, 203-204; and the Mississippi

River, 82, 104; and New Orleans, 104, 111-112; and Saudi Arabia, 104

U.S. Army Signal Corps, 177

U.S. Information Agency (USIA), 59; and Johnson, Lyndon, 59; and Okamoto, Yoichi,

59

USS Abraham Lincoln, 65, 67, 69, 155; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 65, 67, 69

Venice, Italy, 80-81; and flooding, 80-81

Vermeer, Johannes, 17-19; and The Girl with a Pearl Earring, 17-19

Vicksburg, Mississippi, xi, 163, 192

Vietnam War, 10, 138; and Adams, Eddie, 10; and avoiding the draft, 138; and the

execution photograph, 10

View of a River, A, 82

Visual analysis, 5, 7, 9-14, 24, 201, 205, 210; and 9/11, 19-21; and 12 Views of Manet’s Bar,

16-17; and The Bar at the Folies Bergère, 14-17; and Barthes, Roland, 8; and Berger,

John, 5; and context, 5, 7; and an educated populace, 210; and emotional content, 8;

and The Girl with a Pearl Earring, 17-19; and The Mill and the Cross, 12-14; and

Perlmutter, David, 11; and punctum images, 9-10; and semiotics, 8-9; and studium

images, 9; and techniques, 11-12; and two politicians, 205; and Weschler, Lawrence,

5-7; and words, 5

Visual Communication Quarterly, ix

Visual Communication: Images with Messages, 11-12

Viva Zapata!, 134

Volkswagen Bug, 196

Walker-Bush Corporation, 136

Walker, David Davis, 125-126; and the Kennebunkport estate, 126

Walker, Jr., George Herbert “Uncle Herbie,” 129-130, 136, 207; and Bush, George H., W.,

129-130, 136, 207; and job offer, 130; and the New York Mets, 130

Walker, George Herbert “Bert,” 123-126, 180; and aristocratic roots, 125; and

“Duncannon,” 126; and the Kennebunkport estate, 126; and the Nazi Party, 124;

personality of, 125

Walker, John, 135

Wall Street Journal, 145

Walsh, Susan, 60; and Bush, George W., 60; and complaints about access, 60

Walter Lippmann, 208-209; and photo ops, 209; and Public Opinion, 208-209

War of 1812, 102, 189; and Jackson, Andrew, 102

Washington, George, 37, 104, 156; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 104

Washington Post, 136

Water, xvi, xviii 42, 48, 50-51, 72-112, 183, 190; in Asian culture, 74-75; in Chinese

culture, 73; and control of, 76-83, 87; on Earth, 72; and floods, xvi, xviii 42, 48, 50-51,

72-73, 75-79, 81-82, 90-99, 103-104, 107-112, 183; as a fundamental element, 73-75; in

Greek culture, 73-74; and hurricanes, 88-95, 103-112; and the Indian Ocean tsunami,

81-82; in Mexican culture, 75; in Middle Eastern culture, 74; and the Mississippi

River, xii, xvi, xviii, 42, 48, 50-51, 73, 81-88; and the Netherlands, 79-80; and New

Orleans, 98-104, 107-112; and Niagara Falls, 95, 112; and the Nile River, 77-79; in the

Old Testament, 75; in Roman culture, 74; and the Thames River, 79; and Venice,

Italy, 80-81

Watergate scandal, 56, 156

Wedding rings, 195; history of, 195

Weisberg, Jacob, 125, 206-207; and Bush personalities, 125, 206-207; and The Bush

Tragedy, 125

Welch, Jenna and Harold, 148

Weschler, Lawrence, 5-7; and Berger, John, 7; and Everything that Rises, 5-7

West Branch, Iowa, 116-117; and Hoover, Herbert, 116-117

What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington’s Culture of Deception, 208

When the Levee Broke, 161

White House News Photographers’ Association, 60; and Bush, George W., 60;

and Walsh, Susan, 60

White House Photo Office, 58-62; and Bush, George W., 58-62; and Draper, Eric, 59-61;

history of, 59; positive spin of, 59-61; and publicity stunts, 59-69

Whitney, Eli, 170

Whole Earth Catalog, 71; and earthrise photograph, 71

Will, George, 33; and photo op, 33

Williams, Brian, 156; and interview with Bush, George, W., 156

Wills, Mark, 109-110; and Bush, George W., 109-110; and guitar, 109-110; and Raddatz,

Martha, 110

Wilson, Woodrow, 143-144, 206; and Hoover, Herbert, 143-144

Winchester, Simon, 36

Wittfield, William, 186; and DeLisle, Mississippi, 186; and Shelley Plantation, 186

Wolf Town, 186

Woodward, Bob, 65, 152; and “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 65; and Rumsfeld,

Donald, 65

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 91-92; and hurricane names, 91-92

World Trade Center, 152

World War I, 123, 142-143, 194; and exaggeration of by Bush, Prescott, 123; and Hoover,

Herbert, 142-143; and the t-shirt, 194-195

World War II, 89, 147, 156, 186, 191, 195; and hurricane, 89

Wragge, Clement, 91; and hurricane names, 91

Yale University, 123-125, 129-130, 137-138, 140, 150; and Bush, George, H. W., 129-130;

and Bush, George W., 137-138, 140; and Bush, Prescott, 123, 125; Delta Kappa

Epsilon, 137; and DeWitt, Jr., William, 150; and Geronimo, 125; and Harriman, W.

A., 124; and hazing, 137; and Skull and Bones, 125

Zapata Off-Shore Company, 29, 136; and Bush, George H. W., 29; and

Hurricane Betsy, 29

Zapata Petroleum, 134; and Bush, George H. W., 134